Crocodile Biology Software Free Download
Clip refers to several types of fasteners: Hair clip, a device used to hold hair together or attahcing materials such as caps to the hair. Aug 13, 2013. Although saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) belly skin remains in high demand due to its desirable traits of evenly distributed small scales, the definition of a “blemish-free” skin (Isberg et al. 2004) is becoming increasingly rigorous. However, publications detailing the pathological and epidemiological.
Roles Funding acquisition, Visualization, Writing – review & editing Affiliations Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Comparative Genomics (ACCG), Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand, Animal Breeding and Genetics Consortium of Kasetsart University (ABG-KU), Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand, Center for Advanced Studies in Tropical Natural Resources, National Research University-Kasetsart University (CASTNAR, NRU-KU), Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand •. Abstract The Siamese crocodile ( Crocodylus siamensis) and Saltwater crocodile ( C. Porosus) are two of the most endangered animals in Thailand. Their numbers have been reduced severely by hunting and habitat fragmentation. A reintroduction plan involving captive-bred populations that are used commercially is important and necessary as a conservation strategy to aid in the recovery of wild populations. Here, the genetic diversity and population structure of 69 individual crocodiles, mostly members of captive populations, were analyzed using both mitochondrial D-loop DNA and microsatellite markers. The overall haplotype diversity was 0.924–0.971 and the mean expected heterozygosity across 22 microsatellite loci was 0.578–0.701 for the two species.
This agreed with the star-like shaped topology of the haplotype network, which suggests a high level of genetic diversity. The mean ratio of the number of alleles to the allelic range ( M ratio) for the populations of both species was considerably lower than the threshold of 0.68, which was interpreted as indicative of a historical genetic bottleneck. Microsatellite markers provided evidence of introgression for three individual crocodiles, which suggest that hybridization might have occurred between C. Siamensis and C. D-loop sequence analysis detected bi-directional hybridization between male and female individuals of the parent species. Therefore, identification of genetically non-hybrid and hybrid individuals is important for long-term conservation management.
Relatedness values were low within the captive populations, which supported their genetic integrity and the viability of a breeding and reintroduction management plan. This work constitutes the first step in establishing an appropriate source population from a scientifically managed perspective for an in situ/ ex situ conservation program and reintroduction of crocodile individuals to the wild in Thailand. Baby Doll Song Mp4 Free Download Dailymaza. Citation: Lapbenjakul S, Thapana W, Twilprawat P, Muangmai N, Kanchanaketu T, Temsiripong Y, et al. (2017) High genetic diversity and demographic history of captive Siamese and Saltwater crocodiles suggest the first step toward the establishment of a breeding and reintroduction program in Thailand.
PLoS ONE 12(9): e0184526. Editor: Michael A.
Russello, University of British Columbia Okanagan, CANADA Received: May 18, 2017; Accepted: August 25, 2017; Published: September 27, 2017 Copyright: © 2017 Lapbenjakul et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. Funding: This study was financially supported by grants from Kasetsart University Research and Development Institute (KURDI; grant no. 80.60), Kasetsart University 72 year anniversary graduate scholarship (no. 10/2557) from the Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Professor Motivation (PM; no. PM4/2558), Special Track Staff (STS; no.
STS1/2558), and the Science Research Fund (ScRF; no. ScRF-S19-2558) from the Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, the Center for Advanced Studies in Tropical Natural Resources, National Research University-Kasetsart University (CASTNAR, NRU-KU, Thailand; no. 10/2559), the graduate scholarship provided by the National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT) as of fiscal year 2017, the Graduate School, Kasetsart University, and the Science Achievement Scholarship of Thailand (SAST; no. ) from the Office of the Higher Education Commission, Thailand.